Public reports

Digital asset exchange and brokerage

Thailand’s Securities and Exchange Commission published a notice concerning the business licenses of Zipmex Co., Ltd., a digital asset exchange and brokerage provider. The regulator described regulatory shortcomings and a failure to satisfy directions relating to operational and financial arrangements. According to the…

App marketplace

Indonesia’s competition authority KPPU pursued a case concerning the Google Play Billing system applied to app developers distributing digital products through the Play Store. The authority examined a policy that became applicable in 2022 and later ordered a competition-law penalty. Google challenged the decision throu…

Accommodation booking platform

The Irish Data Protection Commission examined a complaint concerning copies of identification documents retained by Airbnb Ireland following verification of a customer account. The regulator considered whether retaining those copies in the circumstances was proportionate and consistent with the GDPR storage-limitation…

Accommodation booking platform

The Irish Data Protection Commission considered a complaint related to an Airbnb account registration process and a request to erase information after the individual did not complete the booking-service registration. The decision addressed the lawfulness and proportionality of requested identity verification and the co…

Social media platform

The Irish Data Protection Commission examined TikTok account settings and design choices affecting younger users during an investigated period in 2020. Issues included public-by-default settings for certain accounts, transparency of privacy controls and parts of the platform’s family-pairing feature. On September 15, 2…

Social media platform

Brazil’s National Data Protection Authority (ANPD) announced an administrative decision about the treatment of personal data of child and adolescent users of TikTok. The regulator examined account, consent and privacy-protection controls for younger users and identified compliance deficiencies under Brazilian data-prot…

Messaging platform

Nigeria’s Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) announced a decision concerning consumer protections and data-related practices associated with Meta and WhatsApp. The companies challenged the authority’s underlying action before the Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal. In a statement d…

Accommodation booking

The Spanish competition authority, CNMC, examined conditions applied by Booking.com to hotels operating in Spain. Its July 30, 2024 announcement said that particular terms could limit hotels’ commercial freedom and that platform ranking or visibility mechanisms favored certain activities linked to Booking.com. CNMC imp…

App marketplace

The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) issued competition-related requirements concerning Apple’s terms for dating-app providers seeking to use alternative payment methods. The Dutch regulator concluded that aspects of the App Store conditions placed unfair restrictions on these providers. A Rotterda…

Digital communication and advertising

CNIL investigated commercial advertising placed in Gmail message lists and the placement of advertising cookies on devices of users creating Google accounts. The French authority announced a EUR 325 million administrative fine in September 2025, together with an injunction and requirements concerning consent. A later C…

Online retail and website

France’s data-protection authority, CNIL, investigated tracking cookies placed through the SHEIN shopping website. According to CNIL, cookies were deposited on the devices of visitors before they had expressed a valid choice, and the site did not adequately respect refusals or furnish compliant information in the exami…

Air transportation and travel booking

The Italian Competition Authority investigated restrictions affecting travel agencies that wished to purchase Ryanair flights for resale or inclusion in travel service offerings. The authority said the airline applied technical and commercial measures between April 2023 and April 2025 that interfered with certain indep…

Social media platform

Italy’s competition authority assessed measures applied by TikTok in connection with the circulation and amplification of online challenge videos viewed as potentially harmful to users. The agency considered whether the platform had adequately communicated risks and implemented promised content-safety policies in pract…

Online retail

The Italian Competition Authority investigated the online buying flow used by Amazon for certain goods sold to Italian consumers. According to the authority, the Subscribe and Save option, which entailed recurring rather than one-off purchases, was preselected in circumstances where the regulator considered the custome…

Online marketplace

India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority examined e-commerce listings for walkie-talkie radio devices that did not adequately explain legal requirements or technical approvals. The government reported that many listings omitted information about operating frequencies, licensing obligations and required equipment a…

App marketplace

The Competition Commission of India examined Google’s Play Store rules governing payment arrangements for digital content and in-app purchases. It concluded that the relevant policies restricted developer choices and raised competition issues concerning payments and distribution of apps. On October 25, 2022 the commiss…

Ride-hailing

India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority examined the wording and interface behavior surrounding advance tipping in the Rapido application. The regulator described elements that pressured customers to provide additional money before confirming a ride, including prompts that it categorized as confirm-shaming and in…

Ride-hailing

India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority reviewed Rapido advertising that promised an autorickshaw in five minutes or a fifty-rupee benefit. The authority found that significant limitations were not presented clearly: the benefit could be platform coins instead of cash, could be worth less than the advertised amou…

Flight booking

The Central Consumer Protection Authority reviewed unresolved airline-ticket refund claims involving the online travel booking platform Yatra after flight disruptions associated with the COVID-19 lockdown. The government said complaints persisted over payments for bookings that could not be used and refunds needing coo…

Ride-hailing

India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority reviewed complaint-handling practices in the Ola ride-hailing application. The regulator objected to a mechanism under which a customer seeking a refund would be offered a ride coupon without adequate choice of returning money through the original payment method. The author…

E-commerce and delivery

South Korea’s Personal Information Protection Commission discussed two separate historical information-security incidents involving Coupang services. A 2021 issue concerned information relating to delivery workers transmitted through a connected service system. A 2023 issue concerned access controls in an online market…

Online marketplace

South Korea’s Fair Trade Commission announced action about the way Coupang placed its own products and private-label items within shopping search results. The authority stated that algorithms were adjusted in ways favoring these products, and that employees participated in reviewing company products without sufficient…

Accommodation booking

The Japanese competition authority reviewed contractual terms used by the Expedia lodging business when hotels offered rooms through the Expedia booking channel. The authority questioned restrictions that could require hotel partners to provide rates and inventory on Expedia at least as favorable as those available thr…

Accommodation booking

The Japan Fair Trade Commission examined contractual provisions used by Booking.com in relation to Japanese hotels listing rooms through its reservation site. The authority was concerned that certain wide parity requirements could limit hotels’ ability to offer a lower price or different inventory through competing boo…

Mobile platform services

Japan’s Fair Trade Commission announced a cease-and-desist order involving Google’s arrangements concerning the distribution and pre-installation of search-related services on Android devices. The authority examined contractual and commercial conditions connecting mobile device manufacturers with Google’s services, and…

Automotive services

The New Zealand Commerce Commission investigated how tyre retailer and vehicle-service provider Beaurepaires handled an optional Road Hazard Cover product. According to the regulator, the coverage was added to some sales without informed customer consent, with representations that did not accurately communicate the opt…

Internet service

New Zealand’s Commerce Commission pursued legal action against One NZ, formerly Vodafone, over marketing for its FibreX broadband product. According to the Commission, representations about the nature of this service could give consumers the impression they were receiving fibre-to-the-home broadband, although the produ…

Food delivery

Singapore’s competition and consumer agency examined a Pandapro subscription promotion that promised unlimited free delivery on all restaurants. The campaign ran from July through September 2024. The authority found that the membership usually offered a fixed discount against delivery charges, rather than eliminating e…

Ticket resale

The Competition Bureau assessed advertising by TicketNetwork for event-ticket resales in Canada. It found that advertised amounts were not attainable once mandatory charges were added; the Bureau said the fees averaged more than thirty-eight percent of the displayed ticket prices. It also described cases where Canadian…

Digital audio subscription

The Competition Bureau reviewed prices advertised by SiriusXM Canada for satellite radio and streaming subscriptions. It concluded that advertised prices outside Quebec were not attainable because consumers had to pay an additional mandatory Music Royalty and Administration Fee. The Bureau said the fee increased the pr…